First Aid Merit Badge Guide

Welcome to the world of life-saving skills! Earning the First Aid Merit Badge is more than just another accomplishment – it’s an initiation into the ranks of those who stand ready in times of crisis.

This comprehensive guide will walk you through the essentials of the First Aid Merit Badge and the accompanying worksheet, demystifying all its requirements. As you learn and evolve, you’ll be prepared to tackle an array of medical emergencies confidently and, most importantly, you’ll be capable of saving lives.

This journey is best embarked upon as a Superior Scout or as part of a Scout team, allowing you to grow together and foster team spirit while learning these invaluable skills. So, strap in and get ready to explore the fascinating realm of first aid!

First Aid Merit Badge Requirements

Take a look at the official requirements for the First Aid merit badge. Earning this badge will take several days, so remember, a wise scout always plans ahead. Make sure you understand what’s needed and then arrange your time accordingly.

1. Demonstrate to your counselor that you have current knowledge of all first-aid requirements for Tenderfoot, Second Class, and First Class ranks.

2. Explain how you would obtain emergency medical assistance from: (a) Your home (b) A remote location on a wilderness camping trip (c) An activity on open water

3. Define the term triage. Explain the steps necessary to assess and handle a medical emergency until help arrives.

4. Explain the standard precautions as applied to the transmission of infections. Discuss the ways you should protect yourself and the victim while administering first aid.

5. Do the following: (a) Prepare a first-aid kit for your home. Display and discuss its contents with your counselor. (b) With an adult leader, inspect your troop’s first-aid kit. Evaluate it for completeness. Report your findings to your counselor and Scout leader.

6. Describe the early signs and symptoms of each of the following and explain what actions you should take: (a) Shock (b) Heart attack (c) Stroke

7. Do the following: (a) Describe the conditions that must exist before performing CPR on a person. Then demonstrate proper CPR technique using a training device approved by your counselor. (b) Explain the use of an automated external defibrillator (AED). Identify the location of the AED at your school, place of worship, and troop meeting place, if one is present.

8. Do the following: (a) Show the steps that need to be taken for someone who has a large open wound or cut that is not bleeding severely. (b) Show the steps that need to be taken for someone who has a large open wound or cut that is severely bleeding. (c) Explain when it is appropriate and not appropriate to use a tourniquet. List some of the benefits and dangers of the use of a tourniquet. (d) Describe the proper application of a tourniquet.

9. Explain when an insect or bee sting could be life threatening and what action should be taken for prevention and for first aid.

10. Do the following: (a) Describe the signs and symptoms of an open or closed fracture or dislocation. (b) Explain what measures should be taken to reduce the likelihood of further complications of fractures and dislocations.

11. Demonstrate the proper procedures for handling and immobilizing suspected closed or open fractures or dislocations of the: (a) Forearm (b) Wrist (c) Hand and Fingers (d) Upper leg (e) Lower leg (f) Ankle

12. Describe the symptoms, proper first-aid procedures, and possible prevention measures for the following conditions: (a) Anaphylaxis/allergic reactions (b) Asthma attack (c) Bruises (d) Sprains or strains (e) Hypothermia (f) Frostbite (g) Burns-first, second, and third degree (h) Concussion (i) Convulsions/seizures (j) Someone who is unconscious (k) Dehydration (l) Muscle cramps (m) Heat exhaustion (n) Heat stroke (o) Abdominal pain (p) Broken, chipped, or loosened tooth

13. Do the following: (a) Describe the conditions under which an injured person should be moved. (b) If a sick or an injured person must be moved, tell how you would determine the best method. Demonstrate this method. (c) With helpers under your supervision, improvise a stretcher and move a presumably unconscious person.

14. Teach another Scout a first-aid skill selected by your counselor.

1. Demonstrate knowledge of all first-aid requirements

Demonstrate to your counselor that you have current knowledge of all first-aid requirements for Tenderfoot, Second Class, and First Class ranks.

Tenderfoot

a. Show first aid for the following:

• Simple cuts and scrapes

• Blisters on the hand and foot
• Minor (thermal/heat) burns or scalds (superficial,
  or first-degree)
• Bites or stings of insects and ticks
• Venomous snakebite
• Nosebleed
• Frostbite and sunburn
• Choking

b. Describe common poisonous or hazardous plants; identify any that grow in your local area or campsite location. Tell how to treat for exposure to them.

c. Tell what you can do while on a campout or other outdoor activity to prevent or reduce the occurrence of injuries or exposure listed in Tenderfoot requirements 4a and 4b.

d. Assemble a personal first-aid kit to carry with you on future campouts and hikes. Tell how each item in the kit would be used.

Second Class

a. Demonstrate first aid for the following:

• Object in the eye
• Bite of a warm blooded animal
• Puncture wounds from a splinter, nail, and fishhook
• Serious burns (partial thickness, or second degree)
• Heat exhaustion
• Shock
• Heatstroke, dehydration, hypothermia, and hyperventilation

b. Show what to do for “hurry” cases of stopped breathing, stroke, severe bleeding, and ingested poisoning.

c. Tell what you can do while on a campout or hike to prevent or reduce the occurrence of the injuries listed in Second Class requirements 6a and 6b.

d. Explain what to do in case of accidents that require emergency response in the home and the backcountry. Explain what constitutes an emergency and what information you will need to provide to a responder.

e. Tell how you should respond if you come upon the scene of a vehicular accident.

First Class

A. Demonstrate bandages for a sprained ankle and for injuries on the head, the upper arm, and the collarbone.

B. By yourself and with a partner, show how to:

• Transport a person from a smoke-filled-room.
• Transport for at least 25 yards a person with a sprained ankle.

C. Tell the five most common signals of a heart attack. Explain the steps (procedures) in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

D. Tell what utility services exist in your home or meeting place. Describe potential hazards associated with these utilities and tell how to respond in emergency situations.

E. Develop an emergency action plan for your home that includes what to do in case of fire, storm, power outage, and water outage.

F. Explain how to obtain potable water in an emergency.

2. Explain how you would obtain emergency medical assistance

Explain how you would obtain emergency medical assistance from: A. Your home B. A remote location on a wilderness camping trip C. An activity on open water

A. From your home

If you encounter an emergency at home, your quickest and most effective approach is to dial 911. Here’s a breakdown of the steps you should follow:

Step	Explanation
1. Dial 911	Reach out to the emergency services immediately by dialing 911 from any phone.
2. Provide Information	When connected to an operator, clearly state your name, your home address, and describe the nature of the emergency. If possible, provide additional details that could aid medical personnel in dealing with the situation.
3. Stay on the Line	Keep the line open and don’t hang up until you’re instructed to do so by the operator. They may be able to provide further advice or guidance.
4. Monitor the Situation	As much as possible, try to stay with the victim and monitor their condition until help arrives. Don’t leave them alone unless absolutely necessary.

If the emergency involves poisoning and is not immediately life-threatening, consider contacting Poison Control at 1-800-222-1222. However, if phones are not available or functioning, don’t hesitate to seek assistance from a neighbor. Try shouting for help, if feasible, but ensure you do not leave the person in need unattended.

B. From a remote location on a wilderness camping trip

During a wilderness trip, obtaining emergency medical assistance requires proactive planning and strategic action. Here are the recommended steps:

Step	Explanation
1. Inform Someone	Before departing, notify a trusted adult about your travel details – location, duration, and planned activities. This ensures someone can raise an alarm and call for help if you don’t return as expected.
2. Use a Cell Phone	Ideally, if you have signal, call emergency services using your cell phone. Make sure to describe your location as accurately as possible.
3. Send for Help	If you don’t have a signal but are near civilization, send people (ideally in pairs for safety) in vehicles to the nearest town or phone to call for help.
4. Stay Put	If you’re lost, it’s often best to stay where you are – at your vehicle or campsite. Rescuers can spot larger objects more easily.
5. Signal for Help	If all else fails, consider using signal fires as a last resort, but be extremely careful not to start a forest fire. Always prioritize preserving life over property.

Remember, the above advice applies to emergency situations when immediate professional help is needed. Always prioritize first aid and maintaining the victim’s condition until help can arrive.

C. From activity on open water

Being on open water presents unique challenges when it comes to accessing emergency medical assistance. Here’s how to navigate this situation:

Step	Explanation
1. Use Marine VHF Radio	Every vessel should be equipped with a Marine VHF radio. In an emergency, use it to call for help on emergency channel #16.
2. Move Towards Traffic	If your boat is operable, navigate towards more trafficked waters. This increases your chances of being spotted and assisted.
3. Signal Distress	Flying a flag upside down from a boat is a universal signal of distress. This could alert nearby vessels to your emergency situation.
4. Use Flares or Smoke	If potential rescuers are visible, signal them by lighting flares or using smoke. But remember to use these with caution, as they can pose a fire hazard.

In every scenario, while waiting for help to arrive, start applying first aid procedures as per the situation to stabilize the condition of the injured person. Safety should always be your first priority.

Also Read: Eagle Required Merit Badges

3. Define the term triage

Define the term triage. Explain the steps necessary to assess and handle a medical emergency until help arrives.

Triage is a medical term used to describe the process of assessing the severity of injuries in a situation where multiple individuals are hurt, then prioritizing their treatment based on the urgency of their condition. The primary aim is to ensure the maximum number of survivors, especially when medical resources or personnel are limited.

The process involves several steps:

Step	Explanation
1. Assess the Situation	The first step in triage is to evaluate each individual’s condition. This involves checking four key areas: Airway, Breathing, Circulation (or Coma or Convulsion), and Dehydration (if severe).
2. Prioritize based on Severity	Based on this assessment, individuals are categorized into three levels: ‘Emergency (E)’, ‘Priority (P)’, and ‘Queue (Q)’.
3. ‘Emergency (E)’ Category	Those critically at risk in any of the four areas fall under the ‘E’ category. They require immediate treatment to increase their chances of survival.
4. ‘Priority (P)’ Category	If individuals show concerning symptoms but are not immediately critical, they are marked as ‘P’. They receive treatment after the ‘E’ category cases.
5. ‘Queue (Q)’ Category	Individuals with non-urgent injuries are placed in the ‘Q’ category and are treated after the ‘P’ cases have been addressed.

In a triage situation, while waiting for professional medical help to arrive, it’s important to do your best to maintain the condition of the injured persons based on their prioritization. Remember, safety is paramount.

4. Explain the universal precautions

Explain the standard precautions as applied to the transmission of infections. Discuss the ways you should protect yourself and the victim while administering first aid.

When administering first aid, it’s crucial to follow standard precautions to prevent the transmission of infections, particularly those that can be spread via contact with bodily fluids. Here are the key steps to consider:

Step	Explanation
1. Use Protective Barriers	To avoid direct contact with bodily fluids, use protective barriers such as gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection. This reduces the risk of pathogens being transmitted from the victim to you or vice versa.
2. Avoid Direct Contact	Never use your bare hands to stop bleeding. This could expose both you and the victim to potential infection. Use a bandage or cloth instead.
3. Cleanse Thoroughly	After giving first aid, ensure you thoroughly wash your hands with soap and water. If soap and water are not immediately available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
4. Safely Dispose of Biohazard Material	Used gloves, bandages, or any other material that has come into contact with bodily fluids should be disposed of properly. They should be placed in specially designated biohazard bags or, if those are not available, double-bagged before disposal.
5. Clean and Disinfect Tools	All reusable tools used should be cleaned and disinfected thoroughly to prevent future risk of infection.

By following these steps, you can protect yourself and the victim from potential infections during the process of administering first aid.

5. Do the following two things

A. Prepare a first-aid kit for your home. Display and discuss its contents with your counselor.

B. With an adult leader. Inspect your troop’s first-aid kit. Evaluate it for completeness. Report your findings to your counselor and Scout leader.

A. Prepare a first-aid kit for your home

Creating a well-stocked first-aid kit is a critical part of home safety. Here are some recommended contents for a basic home first-aid kit:

Item	Explanation
1. Adhesive Bandages	These are used for minor cuts, abrasions, and blisters.
2. Sterile Gauze Pads	These can be used to stop bleeding and cover larger wounds.
3. Adhesive Tape	This is used to secure gauze and bandages.
4. Tweezers	Useful for removing splinters or other foreign objects.
5. Scissors	These can cut tape, gauze, or clothing if needed.
6. Antiseptic Wipes or Solution	This is used to clean wounds before bandaging.
7. Gloves	Protective barriers to prevent the spread of infection.
8. Pain Relievers	Over-the-counter medicines like ibuprofen or acetaminophen.
9. Emergency Blanket	Useful in situations to keep a person warm and prevent shock.
10. Digital Thermometer	Used to check body temperature during illness.
11. CPR Mask	A face shield for performing CPR while reducing risk of infection.
12. First-Aid Manual	A guide for handling a variety of emergencies.

Display this kit and discuss its contents with your counselor. Explain the purpose of each item and how to use it. Make sure to check the kit regularly, replenishing used items and ensuring nothing is expired. Your first-aid kit should be stored in an easily accessible location that all family members are aware of.

B. Inspect your troop’s first-aid kit

Take the time to consider what this emergency treatment set includes, and also contrast it to any set you or your troop may already have.

Checking your troop’s first-aid kit is a vital task to ensure it contains all necessary items. Here’s an example of what your inspection might entail:

Item	Purpose	Status
1. Bandages	For minor cuts and abrasions	✅
2. Gauze Pads	To stop bleeding and cover wounds	✅
3. Gloves	To prevent spread of infection	✅
4. Sting Relief	To soothe insect stings and bites	✅
5. Elastic Bandages	To support sprains and strains	✅
6. Tweezers	To remove splinters or foreign objects	✅
7. Antiseptic Wipes	To clean wounds before bandaging	✅
8. CPR Masks	To perform CPR safely	✅
9. Moleskin Blister Covers	To protect and heal blisters	✅
10. Safety Pins	To secure bandages or slings	✅

With an adult leader, evaluate each item for its presence, quality, and expiry date. Document your findings under the “Status” column, noting whether an item is present and in good condition, needs replacing due to wear or expiry, or is missing entirely.

Once completed, report your findings to your counselor and Scout leader. They can then take appropriate action to update or replenish the kit as needed, ensuring it remains a valuable resource in emergencies.

6. Describe the early signs and symptoms

The next requirement for getting a first aid merit badge is to explain each of the following signs and initial symptoms and explain what action you should take: A. Shock B. Heart attack C. Stroke

A. Shock

Shock is a serious, life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention. It’s a response to severe trauma, dehydration, severe injury, heart failure, or other serious illnesses and injuries.

Here are some early signs, symptoms, and actions you should take if you suspect someone is in shock:

Signs & Symptoms	Action
1. Clammy Skin	The skin might feel cool and moist to touch.
2. Cold Sweats	The person may be sweating profusely.
3. Pale Skin	The person may appear pale or have a bluish tone.
4. Rapid Breathing	They may have trouble taking full breaths.
5. Confusion or Unresponsiveness	They may faint or lose consciousness.

Always remember: if someone’s face is pale, raise their “tail” (legs). This is a mnemonic to help you remember to elevate the legs if possible to improve blood flow. Be sure to keep them calm, warm, and reassured until help arrives.

B. Heart attack

A heart attack is a serious medical emergency caused by a blockage occurring in one or more coronary arteries, resulting in an interruption of blood flow to the heart muscle. Immediate medical attention is critical.

Here are some early signs, symptoms, and actions you should take if you suspect someone is having a heart attack:

Signs & Symptoms	Action
1. Chest Pain or Discomfort	The person may feel pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain in the center of the chest.
2. Pain or Discomfort in Upper Body	This can include the arms, left shoulder, back, neck, jaw, or stomach.
3. Shortness of Breath	The person might have trouble breathing, even without chest discomfort.
4. Cold Sweat, Nausea, or Lightheadedness	They may be sweaty, nauseated, or dizzy.
5. Grey Skin Color or Appearance of Illness	The person may look unwell or have an ashen appearance.

As you await the arrival of professional medical help, ensure the person is calm and still. Don’t leave the person alone except to call for help or retrieve an AED. Remember to share all the details of the incident with the medical team when they arrive.

C. Stroke

A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. It’s a medical emergency that requires immediate attention.

Here are some early signs, symptoms, and actions you should take if you suspect someone is having a stroke:

Signs & Symptoms	Action
1. Face Drooping	One side of the face may droop or become numb. Ask the person to smile. If the smile is uneven or lopsided, it’s a sign.
2. Arm Weakness	Ask the person to raise both arms. If one arm drifts downwards or they’re unable to raise it, it’s a sign.
3. Speech Difficulty	Ask the person to repeat a simple sentence. If the speech is slurred or they can’t speak or understand, it’s a sign.
4. Time to Call 911	If any of these symptoms are present, even if they disappear, call 911 and get the person to the hospital immediately.

The acronym ‘FAST’ can help you remember these steps:

• Face: Ask the person to smile. Does one side of the face droop?
• Arms: Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward?
• Speech: Ask the person to repeat a simple phrase. Is the speech slurred or strange?
• Time: If you observe any of these signs, call 911 immediately. Time is critical.

If they drop unconscious and are not breathing, prepare to perform CPR.

Also Read: Personal Management Merit Badge

7. Do the following two things

A. Describe the conditions that must exist before performing CPR on a person. Then demonstrate proper CPR technique using a training device approved by your counselor.

B. Explain the use of an automated external defibrillator (AED). Identify the location of the AED at your school, place of worship, and troop meeting place, if one is present.

A. Describe the conditions that must exist before performing CPR

CPR, or cardiopulmonary resuscitation, is a lifesaving technique that’s crucial in many emergency situations such as a heart attack or near-drowning, where someone’s breathing or heartbeat has stopped. However, it’s important to know the right circumstances to apply it.

Condition	Description
1. Unresponsiveness	The person must be unconscious or unresponsive to stimuli. This can be confirmed by shouting “Are you okay?” or gently shaking the individual.
2. Absence of Normal Breathing	After confirming unresponsiveness, check if the person is breathing normally. Irregular gasping breaths don’t count as normal breathing. Look, listen, and feel for signs of breath by placing your ear close to the person’s mouth and nose.
3. Absence of Pulse	Checking for a pulse can be difficult if you are not trained. Therefore, if the first two conditions are present, start CPR. Medical professionals will check the pulse when they arrive.

Demonstration of Proper CPR Technique

Please note, the following information should be supplemented with hands-on training from a certified instructor:

Step	Description
1. Position Your Hands	Kneel beside the person who needs help. Place the heel of one hand on the center of the person’s chest. Place your other hand on top of the first hand, keeping your elbows straight and your shoulders directly above your hands.
2. Do Chest Compressions	Push hard and fast. Compress the chest at least 2 inches deep and at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute.
3. Give Rescue Breaths	If trained, give two rescue breaths after every 30 chest compressions. If not, continue chest compressions.

Remember, performing CPR can be physically demanding. If you’re unable or unwilling to perform rescue breaths, continue chest compressions. This is known as hands-only CPR.

This information is aligned with the 2020 Guidelines of the American Heart Association. It’s essential to take a CPR course to understand and perform the steps correctly. An approved CPR training device or manikin should be used for demonstration.

B. Explain the use of an automated external defibrillator (AED)

Explain the use of an automated external defibrillator (AED). Identify the location of the AED at your school, place of worship, and troop meeting place, if one is present.

An Automated External Defibrillator, or AED, is a portable device that delivers an electric shock to the heart to restore a regular heartbeat during a sudden cardiac arrest. It’s crucial to use an AED as soon as possible in these situations. Here’s how it’s typically used:

Step	Description
1. Turn on the AED	This will initiate the AED’s voice prompts. Follow these prompts carefully.
2. Expose the Victim’s Chest	The chest needs to be bare and dry for the AED pads to stick. Remove any clothing and wipe off sweat if necessary.
3. Attach the AED Pads	There are diagrams on the pads showing where they should be placed. Typically, one pad is placed to the right of the person’s sternum (breastbone) and the other to the left of the nipple, under the left armpit. Plug in the connector if necessary.
4. Analyze Heart Rhythm	Press the ‘Analyze’ button on the AED. During this time, it’s important that no one is touching the victim. The AED is checking the heart rhythm to see if a shock is needed.
5. Deliver a Shock, if Advised	If the AED determines a shock is necessary, it will tell you to ensure everyone is clear of the victim. Once everyone is clear, press the ‘Shock’ button.
6. Perform CPR	After delivering the shock, or if no shock is advised, begin CPR. Continue to follow the AED’s voice prompts. If the person begins to show signs of life like breathing, stop CPR and monitor their condition.

As for the location of AEDs in your surroundings, it’s important to note that the specific locations of AEDs in your school, place of worship, or troop meeting place can vary and you should find out their specific locations in advance.

They’re often placed in easily accessible and highly visible areas, like near the main entrance or near first-aid kits. Check with the management of these facilities to find out the exact locations of the AEDs. This will help you be prepared in case of an emergency.

8. Do the following four things

A. Show the steps that need to be taken for someone who has a large open wound or cut that is not bleeding.

B. Show the steps that need to be taken for someone who has a large open wound or cut that is severely bleeding.

C. Explain when it is appropriate and not appropriate to use a tourniquet. List some of the benefits and dangers of the use of a tourniquet.

D. Describe the proper application of a tourniquet.

A. Show the steps that need to be taken when having open sores that do not bleed

Treating a large open wound or cut that is not bleeding involves important steps to prevent infection and promote healing:

1. Clean Hands: Before touching the wound, make sure your hands are clean. If possible, wear gloves to prevent transmission of bacteria.
2. Gentle Cleaning: Rinse the wound gently with lukewarm water and mild soap. Avoid scrubbing the wound, which can cause further damage.
3. Apply Antiseptic: After rinsing, apply a mild antiseptic to the wound area to kill any bacteria and prevent infection.
4. Cover the Wound: Cover the wound with a clean, dry dressing or bandage. This helps to protect it from dirt and bacteria, reducing the chance of infection.
5. Monitor for Infection: Keep an eye on the wound over the next several days for signs of infection, such as increased redness, swelling, or pus.
6. Change Dressings: Dressings should be changed daily, or whenever they become wet or dirty.

Remember, large wounds or cuts, even if not bleeding, should be examined by a healthcare professional to determine if stitches are needed. Never try to stitch or close a large wound yourself.

B. Show the steps taken when having a large bleeding wound

Severe bleeding from a large open wound or cut requires immediate attention to prevent shock and other life-threatening complications. Here are the steps that you need to take:

1. Call for Help: Dial your local emergency number immediately or ask someone else to do it.
2. Ensure Safety: Make sure both the victim and you are safe from further harm. If necessary, move to a safer location.
3. Use Protective Gear: If available, put on gloves or use some barrier between you and the wound to reduce the risk of infection.
4. Apply Pressure: Using a clean cloth or bandage, apply direct pressure to the wound to stop the bleeding. Don’t remove the cloth if it becomes soaked; instead, add more cloth on top of it.
5. Elevate the Wound: If it doesn’t cause pain or further injury, elevate the wound above the level of the person’s heart. This can help reduce blood flow to the area.
6. Immobilize the Wound: Once bleeding is under control, use a bandage or cloth to immobilize the wound. If a body part like an arm or leg is injured, try to keep it as still as possible to prevent further damage.
7. Monitor Vital Signs: Keep the person calm and reassured while you wait for help. Monitor for signs of shock, including pale or clammy skin, rapid pulse, or loss of consciousness.

Remember, these are first-aid measures only and the person still needs professional medical help. Don’t try to probe the wound or remove any objects lodged in it, as this can cause more harm.

C. Appropriate Use, Risks, and Benefits of Tourniquets

A tourniquet is a device used to control life-threatening bleeding from a limb. It works by applying pressure to blood vessels, stopping the flow of blood to the wound.

When to Use a Tourniquet:

1. When there’s severe bleeding that cannot be controlled by direct pressure.
2. If the injury is to a limb and pressure dressings have failed to stop the bleeding.
3. In a mass casualty scenario where resources are limited, immediate care is needed for multiple people.
4. If the limb is amputated.

When NOT to Use a Tourniquet:

1. If the bleeding can be controlled by other means, such as direct pressure or pressure dressings.
2. If the injury is not on a limb. Tourniquets can’t be effectively applied to the torso or head.
3. Without proper training. Incorrect application can cause further injury.

Benefits of Tourniquet Use:

1. Can save lives in severe bleeding cases by rapidly controlling blood loss.
2. Can be self-applied if needed.
3. Most modern tourniquets are designed for ease of use.

Dangers of Tourniquet Use:

1. Can cause tissue damage if left on too long.
2. Can cause nerve damage, especially with incorrect application.
3. May give the false impression that a situation is under control when it is not, delaying other necessary medical treatment.

It is important to remember that tourniquet use should only be a last resort in severe bleeding cases and should only be applied by someone with proper training. Always call for professional medical help when it is available.

D. Proper Application of a Tourniquet

The correct application of a tourniquet is crucial, as improper use can cause additional harm. Here are the steps to correctly apply a tourniquet:

1. Identify the Injury: Tourniquets are intended for severe, life-threatening bleeding from a limb. Ensure the wound is such that it requires a tourniquet.
2. Position the Tourniquet: The tourniquet should be placed 2-3 inches above the injury, closer to the heart, but not on a joint (knee or elbow).
3. Apply the Tourniquet: Wrap the tourniquet around the limb tightly. Most modern tourniquets have a strap and a windlass (a rod for tightening). The strap should be secured, and the windlass twisted until the bleeding stops.

Steps	Application Steps
1	Identify the Injury
2	Position the Tourniquet
3	Apply the Tourniquet

4. Secure the Tourniquet: Once the bleeding has stopped, secure the windlass so it stays in place.
5. Note the Time: It’s essential to note the time the tourniquet was applied. This information is vital for medical professionals as leaving a tourniquet on for too long can cause damage.
6. Get Medical Help: Once the tourniquet is applied, call for professional medical help immediately. A tourniquet is a temporary solution and should be removed by a medical professional.

Remember, a tourniquet is a life-saving device but should only be used as a last resort when other bleeding control methods (like direct pressure) have failed or are not possible. Incorrect use can cause further harm, including tissue and nerve damage. Always get proper training before using a tourniquet.

Also Read: Swimming Merit Badge

9. When an Insect or Bee Sting Could Be Life-Threatening

Explain when an insect or bee sting could be life-threatening and what action should be taken for prevention and for first aid.

An insect or bee sting could be life-threatening if the individual has an allergy to the sting, and especially if they have a severe allergy known as anaphylaxis. Symptoms of anaphylaxis include difficulty breathing, hives or swelling, tightness of the chest, wheezing, low blood pressure, dizziness or fainting, and nausea or diarrhea.

In some cases, a person may go into anaphylactic shock, which is a medical emergency and can be fatal if not treated promptly.

Actions for Prevention

1. Avoidance: The best prevention strategy is to avoid contact with insects whenever possible. This could include avoiding areas where insects nest, wearing protective clothing, and using insect repellent.
2. Epinephrine Auto-Injector: Those known to have severe allergies should carry an Epinephrine auto-injector (EpiPen) with them at all times.

Number	Prevention Measures
1	Avoidance
2	Epinephrine Auto-Injector

First Aid Actions

1. Epinephrine Auto-Injector: If the person has a known allergy and is carrying an epinephrine auto-injector, this should be used immediately as per the instructions on the device.
2. Call for Medical Help: Dial your country’s emergency medical number immediately (911 in the US).
3. CPR: If the person loses consciousness and does not have a pulse, start performing CPR.
4. Medical Attention: Even if symptoms seem to improve after administering the epinephrine auto-injector, the individual must still receive immediate medical attention.

Steps	First Aid Actions
1	Epinephrine Auto-Injector
2	Call for Medical Help
3	CPR
4	Medical Attention

Always consult with a healthcare provider for proper training and guidance on prevention and first aid response to insect or bee stings.

10. Do the following two things

A. Describe the signs and symptoms of an open or closed fracture or dislocation.

B. Explain what measures should be taken to reduce the likelihood of further complications of fractures and dislocations.

A. Signs and Symptoms of an Open or Closed Fracture or Dislocation

Fractures and dislocations are serious injuries that can cause significant pain and disability. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of these injuries can help ensure prompt medical attention and appropriate treatment.

Open Fracture

An open fracture, also known as a compound fracture, occurs when the bone breaks and punctures through the skin. This type of fracture is particularly serious because there is a high risk of infection.

Signs	Symptoms
Visible bone sticking out of the skin	Severe pain
Bleeding	Swelling
Deformed or misshapen limb or joint	Bruising
	Inability to move the affected limb

Closed Fracture

A closed fracture, also known as a simple fracture, is a fracture in which the broken bone does not break the skin.

Signs	Symptoms
Deformed or misshapen limb or joint	Severe pain
Swelling	Bruising
Limited mobility or inability to move the affected limb	Numbness or tingling around the injury

Dislocation

A dislocation occurs when a joint, such as a shoulder or knee, comes out of its normal position. This can cause severe pain and deformity.

Signs	Symptoms
Deformed or misshapen joint	Intense pain
Swelling	Bruising
Inability to move the joint	Visible out-of-place joint

Remember, any suspicion of a fracture or dislocation is a medical emergency, and the person should receive medical attention immediately. Never try to realign a bone or joint yourself. This should only be done by a medical professional.

B. Measures to Reduce Complications of Fractures and Dislocations

Fractures and dislocations are significant injuries that require immediate medical attention. Until that help arrives, there are certain steps you can take to reduce the likelihood of further complications. However, it’s crucial to avoid any attempts to reset or align the bone or joint yourself.

1. Immobilize the Area

Use a splint or sling to keep the injured area as still as possible. This prevents additional damage to the bone, muscles, blood vessels, and nerves. Use materials at hand, like clothing, cardboard, or magazines if a commercial splint isn’t available.

Actions	Benefits
Properly splint the injury	Prevents additional bone and soft tissue injury
Keep the area as still as possible	Reduces pain and prevents further damage

2. Apply Cold Packs

Place a cold pack or cloth-wrapped ice on the area to help reduce swelling and relieve pain. Avoid applying ice directly to the skin to prevent frostbite.

Actions	Benefits
Apply cold packs	Reduces swelling and numbs the area to relieve pain

3. Elevate the Injury

If possible and it doesn’t cause pain, elevate the injured area above the level of the heart. This can help to minimize swelling.

Actions	Benefits
Elevate the injured area	Decreases swelling and bleeding

4. Seek Medical Attention Immediately

Even if you’ve immobilized the injury and the person is comfortable, they still need immediate professional medical care.

Actions	Benefits
Seek immediate professional medical care	Ensures proper diagnosis and treatment

Remember, these are temporary measures. It is crucial to get professional medical help as soon as possible for a proper diagnosis and treatment. Fractures and dislocations left untreated can lead to long-term complications, such as chronic pain, reduced function, or deformity.

11. Procedures for Handling and Immobilizing Suspected Closed or Open Fractures or Dislocations

Demonstrate the proper procedures for handling and immobilizing suspected closed or open fractures or dislocations of the: (a) Forearm (b) Wrist (c) Hand and Fingers (d) Upper leg (e) Lower leg (f) Ankle

Handling and immobilizing injuries is critical to prevent further harm. This is particularly true for suspected fractures (broken bones) or dislocations (bones out of their normal position). Below are the general procedures for handling these types of injuries:

1. Forearm:
   • Stabilize the injury: use a rolled-up newspaper or a splint to immobilize the forearm. Place the splint along the length of the forearm and secure with bandages.
   • Position: try to keep the forearm elevated to reduce swelling.
   • Get medical help: call for emergency medical assistance immediately.
2. Wrist:
   • Immobilize the wrist: use a splint or any rigid material to support the wrist and keep it from moving.
   • Secure: wrap bandages around the splint to hold it in place but do not wrap too tightly.
   • Seek medical help: get professional medical assistance as soon as possible.
3. Hand and Fingers:
   • Immobilize: use a splint or a rolled-up newspaper to support the injured area.
   • Position: try to keep the hand elevated to reduce swelling.
   • Seek medical help: contact a healthcare provider immediately.
4. Upper Leg:
   • Stabilize the leg: use a splint, board, or rolled-up blankets to immobilize the leg.
   • Secure: use bandages to hold the splint in place. Make sure not to apply bandages on the injured area directly.
   • Position: keep the leg elevated if possible.
   • Get medical help: contact a healthcare provider immediately.
5. Lower Leg:
   • Stabilize the leg: use a splint or other rigid material to keep the lower leg from moving.
   • Secure: wrap bandages around the splint but do not wrap too tightly.
   • Seek medical help: get professional medical assistance as soon as possible.
6. Ankle:
   • Immobilize the ankle: use a splint or rigid material to support the injured ankle and keep it from moving.
   • Secure: use bandages to secure the splint in place.
   • Position: try to keep the ankle elevated to minimize swelling.
   • Seek medical help: contact a healthcare provider immediately.

Remember that these are temporary measures. Always seek professional medical assistance in the event of suspected fractures or dislocations.

12. Describe the symptoms and proper first-aid procedures

12. Describe the symptoms, proper first-aid procedures, and possible prevention measures for the following conditions: (a) Anaphylaxis/allergic reactions (b) Asthma attack (c) Bruises (d) Sprains or strains (e) Hypothermia (f) Frostbite (g) Burns-first, second, and third degree (h) Concussion (i) Convulsions/seizures (j) Someone who is unconscious (k) Dehydration (l) Muscle cramps (m) Heat exhaustion (n) Heat stroke (o) Abdominal pain (p) Broken, chipped, or loosened tooth

A. Anaphylaxis/Allergic reactions

• Symptoms: Difficulty breathing, hives, swelling of face/lips/throat, rapid pulse, dizziness.
• First Aid: Administer an epinephrine auto-injector if available and call for emergency medical help. Place the individual in a comfortable position and monitor vital signs.
• Prevention: Avoid known allergens, and carry an epinephrine auto-injector if prescribed.

B. Asthma Attack

• Symptoms: Difficulty breathing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness.
• First Aid: Help the person to sit upright comfortably and use their rescue inhaler or nebulizer. Seek emergency help if breathing doesn’t improve.
• Prevention: Avoid triggers like allergens and irritants, and take prescribed preventative medication.

C. Bruises

• Symptoms: Pain, swelling, discoloration.
• First Aid: Apply ice wrapped in a cloth to the area for 15 minutes.
• Prevention: Use protective gear during physical activities, and maintain a safe environment to prevent falls.

D. Sprains or Strains

• Symptoms: Pain, swelling, limited flexibility.
• First Aid: Follow the R.I.C.E. method: Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation.
• Prevention: Regular exercise to strengthen muscles and maintain flexibility, use protective gear during physical activities.

E. Hypothermia

• Symptoms: Shivering, exhaustion, confusion, memory loss, slurred speech, drowsiness.
• First Aid: Move the person to a warm place, remove wet clothing, and warm the center of the body first with blankets and warm non-alcoholic beverages if the person is conscious.
• Prevention: Dress in layers when it’s cold, and avoid prolonged exposure to cold temperatures.

F. Frostbite

• Symptoms: Numbness, tingling, changes in the color and texture of the skin.
• First Aid: Get the person to a warm place and immerse the affected area in warm (not hot) water, or warm with body heat.
• Prevention: Limit time in cold temperatures, and wear appropriate gear in cold, wet, or windy weather.

G. Burns – First, Second, and Third Degree

• Symptoms: First degree: Redness, pain. Second degree: Blisters, severe pain, redness. Third degree: Waxy, white or charred appearance.
• First Aid: For first and some second-degree burns, cool under running water, and cover with a clean cloth. Don’t burst blisters. Third-degree burns require immediate medical attention.
• Prevention: Be careful when handling hot items or fire, and keep flammable items away from children.

H. Concussion

• Symptoms: Headache, confusion, dizziness, ringing in the ears, nausea or vomiting, slurred speech.
• First Aid: Seek immediate medical attention, avoid physical exertion and activities that require a lot of concentration.
• Prevention: Wear a helmet during sports or other activities that could result in head injury.

I. Convulsions/Seizures

• Symptoms: Uncontrolled shaking of the body, loss of consciousness, confusion, rapid eye movement.
• First Aid: Don’t restrain the person, remove objects that could cause injury, once the seizure stops, place the person on their side. Seek medical help.
• Prevention: Take prescribed medication, avoid triggers.

J. Unconsciousness

• Symptoms: Unresponsive, limp or rigid body, may not be breathing.
• First Aid: Check airways and start CPR if necessary, turn the person on their side if they’re breathing, seek immediate medical help.
• Prevention: Follow safety guidelines and precautions to avoid accidents and injuries.

K. Dehydration

• Symptoms: Dry mouth, fatigue, extreme thirst, decreased urine output, headache.
• First Aid: Drink fluids, rest, cool down if overheated.
• Prevention: Drink plenty of fluids, especially when it’s hot or during physical activity.

L. Muscle Cramps

• Symptoms: Sudden, sharp pain, muscle stiffness.
• First Aid: Stretch and massage the muscle, apply heat to tense muscles and cold to sore/tender muscles.
• Prevention: Stay hydrated, stretch before physical activity.

M. Heat Exhaustion

• Symptoms: Heavy sweating, weakness, cold, pale and clammy skin, fainting.
• First Aid: Move the person to a cooler environment, lie down and loosen clothing, and apply cool, wet clothes to as much of the body as possible.
• Prevention: Stay hydrated, avoid strenuous activities during the hottest part of the day.

N. Heat Stroke

• Symptoms: High body temperature, hot and dry skin, rapid pulse, confusion, unconsciousness.
• First Aid: Call for emergency medical help, move the person to a cooler environment, and try to lower the person’s body temperature with whatever means available.
• Prevention: Avoid heat exhaustion (see above).

O. Abdominal Pain

• Symptoms: Pain in the abdomen that can range from mild to severe, could be intermittent or constant.
• First Aid: Depends on cause. Seek medical help if severe or accompanied by other serious symptoms.
• Prevention: Healthy diet and regular exercise, regular medical checkups.

P. Broken, Chipped, or Loosened Tooth

• Symptoms: Pain, visible damage to the tooth, sensitivity.
• First Aid: Rinse mouth with warm water, and apply a cold compress to the area for pain. If a tooth is knocked out, keep it moist if possible. Visit a dentist as soon as possible.
• Prevention: Use mouth guards during sports, avoid hard foods that can crack teeth, regular dental check-ups.

13. Do the following three things

A. Describe the conditions under which an injured person should be moved

B. If a sick or injured person must be moved, tell how you would determine the best method. Demonstrate this method.

C. With helpers under your supervision, improvise a stretcher and move a presumably unconscious person.

A. Conditions Under Which an Injured Person Should Be Moved

There are very few situations when an injured person should be moved, due to the risk of exacerbating their injuries. The general principle is not to move an injured person unless they are in immediate danger. Some situations where moving might be necessary include:

• The person is in a hazardous location, such as on a busy road, or in a burning or structurally unsafe building.
• The person needs to be moved to perform essential first aid, such as CPR.
• The person needs to be relocated for rescue personnel to access them safely.

B. Determining the Best Method to Move a Sick or Injured Person

Determining the best method to move an injured person requires considering several factors:

• The severity and type of their injuries.
• The distance they need to be moved.
• The number of available helpers.
• Any obstacles in the path of movement.

If the person appears to have a spinal injury, avoid moving them if at all possible. If they must be moved, try to keep the person’s spine in a straight line.

For demonstration, the ‘two-person arm carry’ is a simple and commonly used method:

1. Stand at the person’s side with another helper on the opposite side.
2. Cross your arms and reach under the person’s back and knees.
3. On the count of three, lift the person.

C. Improvising a Stretcher and Moving an Unconscious Person

To improvise a stretcher, you can use materials such as a blanket, a tarp, or even a sturdy piece of clothing like a coat. If there are poles or sturdy branches available, they can be used to provide additional structure.

1. Lay the blanket flat on the ground and place the poles (if available) along the length of the blanket on each side.
2. Roll the edges of the blanket towards the poles to secure them.
3. With one helper at the head and another at the feet, carefully lift the unconscious person onto the center of the improvised stretcher.
4. Each helper should then lift the end of the stretcher, keeping it as level as possible.

In all cases, it’s important to communicate clearly with your helpers and work together to minimize harm to the injured person. This includes moving them slowly and gently and checking regularly for changes in their condition.

14. Teach another Scout a first-aid skill selected by your counselor

I can provide a detailed walkthrough of how to teach someone else a first-aid skill. For this example, I’ll choose “How to apply a bandage”.

1. Introduction: Start by explaining the purpose of applying a bandage. It’s used to protect wounds from infection, to control bleeding, and to hold a dressing in place.
2. Materials needed: Explain that they will need a clean bandage and disposable gloves to protect against infection transmission.
3. Demonstration: Describe the steps in detail. Here’s an example:
   • a. Wash your hands thoroughly or use hand sanitizer if washing isn’t possible.
   • b. Put on disposable gloves to protect both you and the person needing first aid.
   • c. If the wound is bleeding, apply pressure with a clean cloth to stop the bleeding.
   • d. Once the bleeding stops, clean the wound with warm water and mild soap.
   • e. Apply a small amount of antibiotic ointment to a sterile dressing or bandage.
   • f. Place the dressing over the wound.
   • g. Secure the dressing with the bandage, wrapping it around the wound. The bandage should be tight enough to hold the dressing in place, but not so tight that it cuts off circulation.
   • h. Tuck the end of the bandage or secure it with medical tape.
4. Practice: Have the Scout you’re teaching repeat the steps back to you. They can practice applying a bandage on a practice mannequin or even a doll. If they make a mistake, gently correct them and demonstrate the proper technique again.
5. Review: At the end of the lesson, ask the Scout to explain why and when we apply a bandage. Also, they should be able to describe all steps of the procedure in the correct order.

Remember, the key to teaching is patience and repetition. Allow the Scout plenty of time to understand and practice the skill.

Also Read: How to Earn Camping Merit Badge

Conclusion

Knowing how to handle first aid emergencies can make your Scouting activities more enjoyable. Practicing these skills can make you more confident and prepared for any potential emergencies. Should the need arise to use these skills, you’ll be glad for the time and effort you spent earning this merit badge.

Being trained in first aid makes you a reliable person in your troop and community when a crisis occurs. By earning this merit badge, you’re taking a significant stride toward becoming an Eagle Scout. Well done!